Converting LVM virtual machine storage to image
To convert the LVM disk to qcow2 formatted disk image,
Use lvdisplay to get the Logical volume name
$ sudo lvdisplay
Use qemu-img to convert to the required image format
# qemu-img convert -O qcow2 /dev/mapper/lv_name <destination_file>.qcow2
eg:
# qemu-img convert -O qcow2 /dev/mapper/disk1 disk1.qcow2
This will be useful to replicate the virtual machines to other hardware.
./arun
Categories: Linux, Virtualization Tags: KVM, LVM, qcow2
Exporting display over ssh
To export the display from a remote server over ssh:
ssh -X user@host
Just made sure that, X11 forwarding is enabled on the sshd_config .
Once the connection is made, you can make sure the display is exported using:
# echo $DISPLAY
localhost:10.0
if the value is empty, make sure you have the necessary package (mkxauth) installed to create .XAuthority file.
./arun
Categories: Linux Tags: cannot export display, mkxauth
IPv6 configuration for KVM guests
It is simple and straight forward to enable IPv6 on KVM guests
Configure the host machine with IPv6 Address on the bridge interface
cat ifcfg-br0
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6ADDR=xxxx.xx::10
IPV6_DEFAULTGW=xxxx.xx::1
IPV6_AUTOCONF=no
Configure the interface on virutal machines with ipv6 address
cat ifcfg-eth0
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6ADDR=xxxx.xx::11
IPV6_DEFAULTGW=xxxx.xx::1
IPV6_AUTOCONF=no
Add the the necessary firewall rules to ip6tables on the host machine
-A FORWARD -m physdev –physdev-is-bridged -j ACCEPT.
./arun
Categories: IPv6, Linux, Networking, Virtualization Tags: kvm bridge ipv6
NAT with port forwarding on Virtual Box
You can use the host-only-adapter networking, if you require the virtual machine to be accessible only from the host machine. In this case your virtual machine will not have access to anywhere outside the host. Read more about virtual box networking at http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch06.html
On the other hand NAT enabled interface can communicate with clients outside the host, but the host cannot access the services on the virtual machine directly. We need to enabled port forwarding with NAT interface to achieve this.
On Linux:
If you need to have ssh accessible from host machine to virtual machine,
$ VBoxManage modifyvm "VM Name" --natpf1 "openssh,tcp,127.0.0.1,2222,,22"
Where –natpf1 is for adapter1, openssh is just a anme, and you can also input the ip address of virtual machine like
$ VBoxManage modifyvm "VM Name" --natpf1 "openssh,tcp,127.0.0.1,2222,10.0.2.20,22"
(assume the virtual machine ip is 10.0.2.20)
Now you can make ssh connection from host like, $ ssh localhost -p 2222
We can use same port number for port number about 1024 , say for a service running on port 8080 we can forward it with
VBoxManage modifyvm "VM Name" --natpf1 "proxy,tcp,127.0.0.1,8080,10.0.2.20,8080"
These rules will be added to the .VirtualBox/Machines/machine_name/machine_name.xml file like:
< Forwarding name="openssh" proto="1" hostip="127.0.0.1" hostport="2222" guestip=10.0.2.20 guestport="2222"/>
You can forward connection to any port on virtual host like this.
Make sure that the virtual machine interface is closed and the vm is not running while you change it, otherwise the changes will not take effect.
On Windows:
VBoxManage setextradata "VM Name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcnet/0/LUN#0/Config/guestssh/Protocol" TCP
VBoxManage setextradata "VM Name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcnet/0/LUN#0/Config/guestssh/GuestPort" 22
VBoxManage setextradata "VM Name" "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcnet/0/LUN#0/Config/guestssh/HostPort" 2222
* Replace VM Name with your virtual instance name
./arun
Categories: Linux, Virtualization Tags: NAT with virtual box, portforwarding with virutal box
Convert KVM images to Virtual Box (VDI)
It took a while to get the KVM image working with Sun virtual box.
The advantages of a virtual box image is, you can run it on any platform (linux, mac or windows), works without virtualization enabled processor and will work on a 32bit machine
Here are the steps to create an image that works with virtual box:
From the KVM installed server
$ qemu-img convert kvm-os.img -O raw kvm-os-raw.img
Copy the image (kvm-os-raw.img) to virtual box machine
$ VBoxManage convertfromrow --format VDI kvm-os-raw.img vbox.vdi
Converting from raw image file=”kvm-os-raw.img” to file=”vbox.vdi”…
Creating dynamic image with size ….
This will create a virtual box compatible image
Incase required you can compact the image to actual size
$ VBoxManage modifyvdi /home/user/vbox.vdi compact
0%…10%…20%…30%…40%…50%…60%…70%
Here the path to vdi image must be absolute.
Now you can create a new virtual machine from virtual box console/command line, with the vdi image as storage.
Boot the machine and hope for the best 
But it wasn’t easy for me even after this beautiful vdi image, boot hangs with a kernel panic, file system not found.
To fix this issue, we need to recreate the initrd image in the virtual machine:
instructions to do it for redhat:
- Boot the virtual machine in rescue mode with Redhat CD
> linux rescue
# chroot /mnt/sysimage
take a backup of existing initrd
# cp /boot/initrd-2.6.xxx.img initrd-2.6-old
create new initrd image
# mkinitrd -v /boot/initrd-new.img kernel-version
// eg: mkinitrd -v /boot/initrd-new.img 2.6.18-194.8.1.el5
edit the grub configuration and replace the initrd image name with new one
# cat /boot/grub/menu.lst
Reboot the machine and see if it boots
Hope this will be helpful for someone, I spent hours to get it working .
./arun
Categories: Linux, Virtualization Tags:
Netboot KVM guest
To install the KVM guest operating system (eg: RHEL) from the network
- Create the bridge interface on the KVM host machine (http://arunnsblog.com/2010/04/09/virtualization-with-kvm-under-redhat-linux-migrate-vmware-virtual-images-to-kvm/)
- Make sure that the gateway is configured in the bridge interface (GATEWAY=).
- Make sure that you have the required rules added to the iptables:
-A FORWARD -m physdev --physdev-is-bridged -j ACCEPT
- Create virtual machine with supported network interface type (pcnet, rtl8139 used to work)
- Add the mac address of kvm guest to the dhcp server
Start the virtual machine and see if it can kick start from the network.
You can trouble shoot with a tcpdump on the KVM host machine:
tcpdump -i br0 port bootps -vvv -s 1500
./arun
Categories: Linux, Virtualization Tags: BOOTP, DHCP, KVM, TFTP, Virtualization
Install Zope Object Database (ZODB) for python
ZODB is a way to store persistent data, ZODB comes with ZOPE.
To import ZODB directly to python.
$ easy_install ZODB3==VERSION
eg: $ easy_install ZODB3==3.8.3
$python
>>> import ZODB
./arun
Compile and install python with mysql for users
To run custom python version for a useraccount:
download the latest version of python
$ wget http://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.6.5/Python-2.6.5.tgz
$ tar xvzf Python-2.6.5.tgz
$ cd Python-2.6.5
$ ./configure --prefix=/home/username/python-2.6.5
$ make
$ make install
Install setuptools
as root:
# ln -s /home/username/python-2.6.5/bin/python2.6 /usr/bin/ *this is required for setuptools
as normal user:
$ wget http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/s/setuptools/setuptools-0.6c11.tar.gz#md5=7df2a529a074f613b509fb44feefe74e
$ tar xvzf setuptools-0.6c11.tar.gz
$ sh setuptools-0.6c11-py2.6.egg --prefix=~/python-2.6.5/
download mysql-python
$ wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/mysql-python/mysql-python-test/1.2.3c1/MySQL-python-1.2.3c1.tar.gz?use_mirror=citylan
$ tar xvzf MySQL-python-1.2.3c1.tar.gz
$ cd MySQL-python-1.2.3c1
$ /home/username/python-2.6.5/bin/python setup.py build
$ /home/username/python-2.6.5/bin/python setup.py install
Done:
sh-3.00$ python2.6
Python 2.6.5 (r265:79063, May 23 2010, 14:40:28)
>>> import MySQLdb
>>>
./arun
Categories: Linux Tags: python2.6 compile
KVM image on LVM
Convert qcow2/raw images to LVM logical volume to use with KVM:
- Convert the qcow2 image to raw format (if it is in qcow2)
$ qemu-img convert image.qcow2 -O raw image.raw
- Create the physical volume for LVM
# pvcreate /dev/sdb
(replace the device with correspond to the system)
- Create the volume group
# vgcreate pool1 /dev/sdb
(replace pool1 with the name as required)
- Create Logical volume with same size as the image
# lvcreate -n justaname --size 50G pool1
(replace justaname and size as per the requirements)
Use lvresize incase you required the change the volume size
- dd the raw image to lvm logical volume
# dd if=image.raw of=/dev/pool1/justaname bs=8M
(Change the block size according to the requirements.
Edit the kvm xml configuration for the corresponding virutal machine to use the logical volume
< disk type='block' device='disk' >
< source dev='/dev/pool1/justaname'/ >
< /code >
./arun
Categories: Linux, Virtualization Tags: KVM LVM Virtualization
Virtualization with KVM under Redhat Linux, Migrate VMware virtual images to KVM
KVM (Kernel Based Virtual Machine) – http://www.linux-kvm.org/ , is one of the best choice to do virtualization under linux, and especially without extra licensing cost.
Install KVM
To install KVM on redhat enterprise linux:
- Install the machine with 64 bit version of EL5
- Register the machine with redhat (rhn_register)
- enable virtualization entitlement for the system in RHN
- Install KVM package:
# yum install kvm
# yum install virt-manager libvirt libvirt-python python-virtinst
Migration VMware virtual machines to KVM:
- Login to the vmware server
- make single vmdk image with vmware-diskmanager
eg:
# vmware-vdiskmanager -r path_to_vmware_virtualmachine.vmdk -t 0 destination_file_vmware.vmdk
Creating disk ‘destination_file_vmware.vmdk’
Convert: 100% done.
Virtual disk conversion successful.
- Copy the image to KVM server
- Convert the image to KVM supported format with qemu-img
# qemu-img convert destination_file_vmware.vmdk -O qcow2 kvm_supported.img
Create bridge interface to to share the network card.
* This section assumes that you have two nic in your server and would need to have bonding along with bridging and you have static ip required for virtual machines. incase you using dhcp and single network interface create the bridge interface accordingly.
- Create bridge interface:
$ cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0
DEVICE=br0
ONBOOT=yes
TYPE=Bridge
IPADDR=11.11.11.11
NETMASK=255.0.0.0
GATEWAY=1.1.1.1
- Configure the bond interface:
$ cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond0
DEVICE=bond0
BRIDGE=br0
ONBOOT=yes
- Configure eth0 and eth1
$ cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
MASTER=bond0
SLAVE=yes
ONBOOT=yes
- Change bonding to active-backup , i have faced some issues with xor – might be silly to fix
# cat /etc/modprobe.conf
options bond0 miimon=100 mode=active-backup
- Restart network interface and check the bridge status
# brctl show , it will show bond0 as an enabled interface.
Create KVM virtual machine:
- it can be done from the command line or with virt-manager
- open virt-manager application
- click create new, and select qemu hypervisor
- during disk selection, choose the converted vmware image path
- done, just start it.
Register the virtual machine with Redhat, save some license 
- enabled network tools entitlement in RHN
- install the package rhn-virtualization-host on the core machine
– # yum install rhn-virtualization-host
- enable virtualization under the properties of host in RHN
- execute the following commands on host machine
# rhn_check
# rhn-profile-sync
- login to virtual machine and use rhn_register, now it will be registered as a virtual machine under the core license.
./arun
Categories: Linux, Virtualization Tags: Bonding with virutliaztion, KVM, Redhat viruatlization
Enable Full virtualization in HP DL servers (Intel)
You need to enable hardware virtualization in BIOS if you want to create Fully virtualized instances.
Enter BIOS (F9) –> Advanced Options –> Processor Options –> Enable intel Virtualization Technology
Now you should be able to create Fully virtualized virtual machines from XEN or similar virtualization packages without OS modifications.
./arun
Categories: Linux, Virtualization Tags: xen hypervisor fully virtulized guest
Issues with zone transfer in Dual stack IPv4 / IPv6
You might face issues with zone transfer to ipv4 secondaries on a dual stack server where the bind listening on IPv4 and IPv6 address,
client ::ffff:11.11.11.11#43253: zone transfer 'example.com/IN' denied
this happens because , once the v6 is enabled on bind it just try to make ipv4 address looks like v6 address.
Solution : just add the v6 formatted v4 address to the allowed list
allow transfer { ::ffff:11.11.11.11; };
./arun
Categories: BIND, IPv6, Linux Tags: Bind IPv6 DNS
Configure Apache over IPv6
Once your network interface is configured with IPv6, it is easy to configure the webserver. No real difference with IPv4 configuration.
Configure Apache to listen the IPv6 address:
Listen ipv6_address:port
NameVirtualHost ipv6_address:port
If the apache virtual host is configured with domain name , eg < VirtualHost arunns.com:80 >, just add AAAA record for arunns.com in dns and the website will work without any extra configurations other than the previous two lines.
Also we can specifically configure it :
< VirtualHost ipv4_address:80 ipv6_address:80 >
It is possible to have different contents for ipv4 and ipv6 sites, just create two different virtual hosts with different document root one for IPv4 and other for IPv6.
< VirtualHost ipv4_address:80 >
DocumentRoot /home/123/
< /VirtualHost >
< VirtualHost ipv6_address:80 >
DocumentRoot /home/456/
< /VirtualHost >
./arun
Categories: apache, IPv6, Linux Tags: apache ipv6
IPV6 Tunnel from MAC/Linux
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It is really easy to establish an ipv6 network tunnel from your machine directly. Make your network/system/services IPv6 ready
Create a ipv6 regular tunnel from any connection brokers: List of IPV6 tunnel brokers
I have used Hurricane Electric which is free tunnel broker.
Tunnel Broker
With the tunnel broker, you can create a tunnel by specifying your public ipv4 address in their website.
Once the tunnel is created with tunnel broker, Configure your machine with required interfaces , tunnel and routing.
- For MAC OS X:
1) Configure tunnel
$ sudo ifconfig gif0 tunnel host_ip tunnel_broker_ipv4_ip
If you are behind a natd network specify your machine private address as host_ip, otherwise mention the current public ip assigned to your machine. If you are behind a nat’d network make sure that protocol 41 is allowed in the nat’d device.
eg:
$ sudo ifconfig gif0 tunnel 192.168.1.2 216.66.xxx.xxx
2) Setup the tunnel end points
$ sudo ifconfig gif0 inet6 host_ipv6_address tunnel_broker_ipv6_address prefixlen 128
Both these ipv6 addresses are assigned by the tunnel broker.
eg:
$ sudo ifconfig gif0 inet6 2001:470:xxxx:xxxx::2 2001:470:xxxx:xxxx::1 prefixlen 128
3) Add the default route for ipv6 traffic
$ sudo route -n add -inet6 default tunnel_broker_ipv6_address
eg:
$ sudo route -n add -inet6 default 2001:470:xxxx:xxxx::1
Now you should be able to access the ipv6 networks
Incase of any issues, just make sure that ipv6 is enabled on the interface using:
$ sudo ip6 -x gif0
Test your ip6 connectivity:
$ ping6 ipv6.google.com
$ telnet ipv6.google.com 80
- For Linux:
The procedure is exactly same on linux as well:
Make sure that the ipv6 module is present in the kernel:
$ sudo modprobe ipv6
Create the tunnel
$ sudo ip tunnel add he-ipv6 mode sit remote 216.66.xx.xx local 192.168.1.2 ttl 255
* use the public ip if it is directly assigned to your machine
Activate the tunnel
$ sudo ip link set he-ipv6 up
Assign ip address to interface:
$ sudo ip addr add 2001:470:xxxx:xxxx::2/64 dev he-ipv6
Add default route for ipv6:
$ sudo ip route add ::/0 dev he-ipv6
Add protocol family identifer:
$ sudo ip -f inet6 addr
./arun
Categories: IPv6, Linux, MAC OS X Tags: ipv6 on mac, ipv6 tunnel from mac, ipv6 tunnel linux
IPv6 and Linux
It is straight forward to enable IPv6 on any linux system, since the latest kernel support it very well. This document is more relevant for Redhat linux but the idea is same for all.
Make sure the ipv6 support is not disabled in kernel
Comment out the following line in /etc/modprobe.conf if existing.
#alias ipv6 off
#alias net-pf-10 off
Enable IPv6 networking:
edit /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING_IPV6=yes
Configure the IPv6 address:
edit /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 (or bond0 for bond interfaces, ipv6 works as expected with bond interface as well)
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6ADDR=
IPV6ADDR_SECONDARIES=
IPV6_DEFAULTGW=
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes/no
Just restart network and you will be able to see the IPv6 address.
Incase if the ipv6 module doesnt exist in kernel, just do a modprobe:
# modprobe -a ipv6
Almost all softwares in linux works with IPv6,
For apache add the listen address to ipv6 address and enable name virtual host for ipv6 address if required.
You can test your ipv6 connectivity by:
$ ping6 ipv6.google.com
./arun
upgrade ubuntu to next release from command line
It is better to update the current installation with latest packages first:
$ sudo apt-get update
Install update manager core if not:
sudo apt-get install update-manager-core
Start the command line upgrade tool
$ sudo do-release-upgrade
Categories: Linux, ubuntu Tags: ubuntu, ubuntu upgrade
svn+ssh with custom port number and public key authentication
To make custom configurations for svn+ssh:
Edit ~/.subversion/config
- add the ssh configuration details under [tunnels]
like:
foobar = /usr/bin/ssh -i /home/foo/.ssh/foobar.private -p 12345
Now use:
svn co svn+foobar://user@svn.test.com/home/test/repos/foobar
Categories: Linux Tags: subversion, svn, svn with custom port and public key authentication
create svn repository and initial check in
To create svn repository login to the svn server:
$ sudo -u svnuser svnadmin create --fs-type fsfs /path/to/repository* we can use bdb as well as db format
To make all the group members privilege to write access the repository:
$chmod g+w /path/to/repository
and add the user to svn group.
To create initial contents:
either you can check out the repository and create the file structure like:
[local_machine]$ svn co svn+ssh://user@svnhost/path/to/repos localdirectory
[local_machine]$ mkdir -p localdirectory/trunk localdirectory/tags localdirectory/branches
[local_machine]$ cd localdirectory; svn commit -m "initial repository structure"
or you can do the same from the svn server itself using file:///
Categories: Linux Tags: create svn repository, repository, subversion, svn
Mysql one way DB replication
One way replication of mysql database:
Mysql replication help us in keeping the data replicated to one or more sites reliably with binary logs. Apart from good amount of advantages Mysql replication doesn’t help with data corruption, since the corrupted data is replicated in all slaves. It is good to have periodic backup of database apart from replication.
Replication Steps
- Create database with same name on all servers
> mysql -u db_user -p -e "CREATE DATABASE db_name"
– Create database user with replication privilege on master
> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'replication_user'@'replication_clients" IDENTIFIED BY 'replication_password'
This can be also supplied with particular database name with ;db_name.*’ instead of *.*
- Edit Mysql master configuration (my.cnf) to allow replication
[mysqld]
server-id = 1 # Important with replication
log-slave-updates
log-bin = /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin
log-bin-index = /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.index
replicate-do-db = db_name # specify the dbs to replicate
log-warnings
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1
sync-binlog=1
innodb_safe_binlog
- Take dump of master db and put them on all replicas
use db_name;
FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;
$ mysqldump -u dbuser -p db_name > db_dump.sql
install on slaves
$ mysql -u dbuser -p db_name > db_dump.sql
use db_name;
UNLOCK TABLES;
- Edit mysql configuration on replicas with master credentials
[mysqld]
old_passwords=1
server-id=2
innodb_file_per_table
log-slave-updates
master-host = master_hostname
master-port = master_port
master-user = master_user
master-password = master_password
log-bin = /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin
log-bin-index = /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.index
Restart the Mysql daemon on all servers and check the replication status:
Master: > show master status;
Replicas: > show slave status;
Categories: Linux, Mysql Tags: DB replication, Mysql replication
Hardening Apache webserver
Tips to harden apache webserver:
Disable weak SSLV2 siphers
edit ssl.conf and add
SSLCipherSuite ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:!LOW:!SSLv2:+EXP
Restrict apache to giveout minimum informations
Edit httpd.conf and change
ServerTokens ProductOnly
Disable track and trace in every virtual hosts
LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_METHOD} ^TRACE
RewriteRule .* - [F]
Always better to configure apache to Loan minimal/required modules and include only necessary config files.
./arun
Categories: apache, Linux Tags: apache, disable weak cipher, hardening apache, securing apache, webserver
